b) Civil and Secular Law

Gigeroff, Alexis K., Sexual Deviations in the Criminal, (Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press for the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, 1968)
Goodich, Michael, "Sodomy in Medieval Secular Law", Journal of Homosexuality 1:3 (1976), pp. 295-302
Criticised by Boswell, (Social Tolerance p.291) for not assessing the meaning of "sodomy", for assuming religious prejudice alone accounts for anti-gay laws, and for lumping all laws in the late medieval period together.
Grande, L., "Laws and Attitudes towards Homosexuality from Antiquity to the Modern Era", Ponte 43:4-5 (1987), pp. 122-129
Labalme, Patricia H., "Sodomy and Venetian Justice in the Renaissance", Revue d'Histoire du Droit 52:3 (1985), pp. 217-254
Reinhard, J.R., "Burning at the Stake in Medieval Law and Literature", Speculum 16 (1941), pp. 190 ff.
Stanley-James, D., "Sexual Inversion and English Law", The Medical Press and Circular 215 (1946), pp. 391-398
Suggests that the introduction of Aristotle into the curriculum at Paris somehow veiled a battle over homosexuality.